• DNA of a gene encodes the chemical structure of a protein
• the genetic code determines the sequence of the amino acids that make up protein
Genes are contained in DNA. Lets now look at the structure of DNA.
- nucleotide
- nitrogenous base
- deoxyribose sugar
- phosphate group
- phosphate backbone
NEOCLEOTIDES
• the structural unit of nucleotide chains forming nucleic acids
• nucleotides play important roles in cellular energy transport and transformations and in enzyme regulation
NITROGENOUS BASE
- organic compounds that owe their basic properties to the lone pair (an electron pair without bonding or sharing with other atoms. It often exhibits a negative polar character with its high charge density.) of electrons of a nitrogen atom.
- Complementary Base Pairing
• -A pairs with T by 2 hydrogen bonds
-C pairs with G by 3 hydrogen bonds
• Adenine (A) — Chemical formula – C5H5N5 ，Molecular mass – 135.13 g/mol，Melting point – 360 – 365 °C
Source: http://hal.wzw.tum.de/genglos/images/adenine.gif
A binds to T to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures
• Thymine (T) — Chemical formula – C5H6N2O2 ，Molecular – 126g/mol，Melting point – 316 – 317 °C
Source: http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/glossary/agriart/thymine.gif
• Cytosine (C) —Chemical formula – C4H5N3O， Molecular mass – 111.1g/mol，Melting point – 320 – 325 °C
Source: http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/GLOSSARY/agriart/cytosine.gif
• Guanine (G) —Chemical formula – C5H5N5O , Molecular mass – 151.13 g/mol Melting point – 360 °C
Source: http://www.edu.upmc.fr/sdv/masselot_05001/annexe/images/pic004.jpg
A picture of DNA :
Source: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/DNA-colored.gif
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genetic engineering 
